diff --git a/crates/zesdex-backend/src/controller/input.rs b/crates/zesdex-backend/src/controller/input.rs
index 65602ab..2841d99 100644
--- a/crates/zesdex-backend/src/controller/input.rs
+++ b/crates/zesdex-backend/src/controller/input.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,12 @@ use crate::app::state::rest::AppStateRest;
 use crate::app::state::types::Overlay;
 use crate::controller::command::parse_command;
 
+/// Mark state dirty and return an empty action list.
+fn mark(state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
+    state.mark_dirty();
+    Vec::new()
+}
+
 /// Translate a terminal `KeyEvent` into zero or more `Action` values
 /// based on the current application state.
 ///
@@ -36,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn handle_key(key: KeyEvent, state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
                     } else {
                         state.toast_success(format!("Saved {}", ed.path));
                     }
-                    state.dirty = true;
+                    state.mark_dirty();
                 }
                 return vec![];
             }
@@ -47,7 +53,7 @@ pub fn handle_key(key: KeyEvent, state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
             KeyCode::Backspace => {
                 if let Some(ref mut ed) = state.misc.editor {
                     ed.delete_left();
-                    state.dirty = true;
+                    state.mark_dirty();
                 }
                 return vec![];
             }
@@ -75,15 +81,13 @@ pub fn handle_key(key: KeyEvent, state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
                 let items = crate::app::mode::learning::get_learning_items(state);
                 let n = items.len();
                 state.misc.selected_index = crate::app::mode::cycle_selected_index(state.misc.selected_index, n, false);
-                state.dirty = true;
-                return vec![];
+                return mark(state);
             }
             KeyCode::Down => {
                 let items = crate::app::mode::learning::get_learning_items(state);
                 let n = items.len();
                 state.misc.selected_index = crate::app::mode::cycle_selected_index(state.misc.selected_index, n, true);
-                state.dirty = true;
-                return vec![];
+                return mark(state);
             }
             KeyCode::Enter | KeyCode::Char('a') => {
                 let items = crate::app::mode::learning::get_learning_items(state);
@@ -148,8 +152,7 @@ pub fn handle_key(key: KeyEvent, state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
         KeyCode::Enter => {
             if state.input.autocomplete_visible {
                 state.input.select_autocomplete();
-                state.dirty = true;
-                return Vec::new();
+                return mark(state);
             }
             if state.misc.overlay.is_active() {
                 return handle_overlay_enter(state);
@@ -163,16 +166,14 @@ pub fn handle_key(key: KeyEvent, state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
         KeyCode::Backspace => {
             if state.input.autocomplete_visible {
                 state.input.close_autocomplete();
-                state.dirty = true;
-                return Vec::new();
+                return mark(state);
             }
             vec![Action::DeleteChar]
         }
         KeyCode::Delete => {
             if state.input.autocomplete_visible {
                 state.input.close_autocomplete();
-                state.dirty = true;
-                return Vec::new();
+                return mark(state);
             }
             vec![Action::DeleteCharRight]
         }
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ pub fn handle_key(key: KeyEvent, state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
         KeyCode::Up => {
             if state.input.autocomplete_visible {
                 state.input.cycle_autocomplete(false);
-                state.dirty = true;
+                state.mark_dirty();
                 Vec::new()
             } else if state.misc.overlay == Overlay::Effort {
                 mode::effort::cycle_effort(state);
@@ -193,12 +194,12 @@ pub fn handle_key(key: KeyEvent, state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
             } else if state.misc.overlay == Overlay::Rewind {
                 let n = mode::rewind::rewind_count(state);
                 state.misc.selected_index = mode::cycle_selected_index(state.misc.selected_index, n, false);
-                state.dirty = true;
+                state.mark_dirty();
                 Vec::new()
             } else if state.misc.overlay == Overlay::ModelSelector {
                 let n = state.app_config.providers.len();
                 state.misc.selected_index = mode::cycle_selected_index(state.misc.selected_index, n, false);
-                state.dirty = true;
+                state.mark_dirty();
                 Vec::new()
             } else if key.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::CONTROL) {
                 vec![Action::ScrollUp]
@@ -209,7 +210,7 @@ pub fn handle_key(key: KeyEvent, state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
         KeyCode::Down => {
             if state.input.autocomplete_visible {
                 state.input.cycle_autocomplete(true);
-                state.dirty = true;
+                state.mark_dirty();
                 Vec::new()
             } else if state.misc.overlay == Overlay::Effort {
                 mode::effort::cycle_effort(state);
@@ -217,12 +218,12 @@ pub fn handle_key(key: KeyEvent, state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
             } else if state.misc.overlay == Overlay::Rewind {
                 let n = mode::rewind::rewind_count(state);
                 state.misc.selected_index = mode::cycle_selected_index(state.misc.selected_index, n, true);
-                state.dirty = true;
+                state.mark_dirty();
                 Vec::new()
             } else if state.misc.overlay == Overlay::ModelSelector {
                 let n = state.app_config.providers.len();
                 state.misc.selected_index = mode::cycle_selected_index(state.misc.selected_index, n, true);
-                state.dirty = true;
+                state.mark_dirty();
                 Vec::new()
             } else if key.modifiers.contains(KeyModifiers::CONTROL) {
                 vec![Action::ScrollDown]
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ pub fn handle_key(key: KeyEvent, state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
                 vec![Action::AbortTurn]
             } else if state.input.autocomplete_visible {
                 state.input.close_autocomplete();
-                state.dirty = true;
+                state.mark_dirty();
                 Vec::new()
             } else if state.misc.overlay.is_active() {
                 vec![Action::CloseOverlay]
@@ -256,24 +257,24 @@ pub fn handle_key(key: KeyEvent, state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
                 } else {
                     state.input.tab_complete();
                 }
-                state.dirty = true;
+                state.mark_dirty();
             } else if state.input.autocomplete_kind == AutocompleteKind::FileMention
                 && state.input.autocomplete_visible
             {
                 state.input.cycle_autocomplete(true);
-                state.dirty = true;
+                state.mark_dirty();
             }
             Vec::new()
         }
         KeyCode::Char(c) => {
             if state.input.autocomplete_visible {
                 state.input.close_autocomplete();
-                state.dirty = true;
+                state.mark_dirty();
             }
             // Insert the character inline so we can immediately check the
             // new buffer state for autocomplete triggers.
             state.input.insert(c);
-            state.dirty = true;
+            state.mark_dirty();
             // Show autocomplete immediately when the buffer starts with `/`,
             // without requiring an extra Tab press.
             if state.input.buffer.starts_with('/') {
@@ -304,7 +305,7 @@ fn handle_overlay_enter(state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
         }
         Overlay::Settings => {
             mode::settings::cycle_internet_mode(&mut state.settings);
-            state.dirty = true;
+            state.mark_dirty();
             Vec::new()
         }
         Overlay::Todo => {
@@ -330,7 +331,7 @@ fn handle_overlay_enter(state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
             state.input.cursor = 0;
             state.misc.overlay = Overlay::None;
             state.toast_success("API key saved".to_string());
-            state.dirty = true;
+            state.mark_dirty();
             Vec::new()
         }
 
@@ -373,13 +374,13 @@ fn handle_overlay_enter(state: &mut AppStateRest) -> Vec<Action> {
                 }
             }
             state.misc.overlay = Overlay::None;
-            state.dirty = true;
+            state.mark_dirty();
             Vec::new()
         }
         Overlay::ClearConfirm => {
             state.toast_info("Transcript cleared".to_string());
             state.misc.overlay = Overlay::None;
-            state.dirty = true;
+            state.mark_dirty();
             Vec::new()
         }